Rivera said that no one else could have fashioned the strange figures he requested; work done by Linares for Rivera is now displayed at the Anahuacalli Museum in Mexico City. $9.90 shipping. The name "alebrijes" is used for a wide variety of crafts even though the Linares family has sought to gain control over the name. Sets often take more than a month to make and his work is considered to be in the high end of the market. [29], After the carving, the figure is then left to dry for up to ten months, depending on its overall size and thickness. [13] Alebrijes, especially the monsters, have gained a reputation for "scaring away bad spirits" and protecting the home. In the 1980s, British filmmaker, Judith Bronowski, arranged an itinerant demonstration workshop in the United States participating Pedro Linares, Manuel Jiménez and a textil artisan Maria Sabina from Oaxaca. This fair is cosponsored by the Secretary of Tourism for the state of Oaxaca. Totems of local animals were carved for luck or religious purposes as well as hunting decoys. This tree is typically found in dry tropical forests in Oaxaca and neighboring states. [22] Alebrijes (Spanish pronunciation: [aleˈβɾixes]) are brightly colored Mexican folk art sculptures of fantastical (fantasy/mythical) creatures. $59.99. From shop DashingandDainty. In her free time, she binge watches Catfish: The TV Show, rewatches Vines, or listens to the same three albums over and over again. LIFEGATE explains that in Zapotec cosmology, we all have a tona - an animal that follows us throughout our lives. [4][20], Despite Oaxaca's reputation for the production of crafts by indigenous peoples, alebrije makers are monolingual Spanish speakers who generally do not identify themselves as a member of an indigenous group although almost all have Zapotec ancestors. Those pieces have more than tripled in value. Coyote symbolism and meaning is incredibly complex. $47.99 $ 47. Martians). He began to carve in 1984 at the age of 16. Dante is not particularly smart and he is actually quite prone to accidents, but he is truly loyal and he joins Miguel in the Land of the Dead, where the dog becomes an Alebrije. However, the wood from Jayacatlan is only sold to Arrazola and not to the other major center of Tilcajete. or Best Offer. Reynaldo is a nephew of Martin Santiago. They come in different shapes, sizes, and have faces that exhibit a range of emotions. [22] Better known is the husband and wife team of Reynaldo Santiago and Elodia Reyes, who have been carving since their marriage in the mid-1970s. FREE Shipping by Amazon. Alebrijesǃ Alebrijes!" [39], One alebrije craftsman in Cuautla is Marcos Zenteno, who has taught the craft to his daughter. [12], Many rural households in the Mexican state of Oaxaca have prospered over the past three decades through the sale of brightly painted, whimsical wood carvings they call alebrijes to international tourists and the owners of ethnic arts shops in the United States, Canada, and Europe. "La mula del 6" by Daniel Martínez Bartelt, "La gárgola de la Atlántida" by Juan Carlos Islas and, This page was last edited on 15 March 2021, at 15:02. [22] Each year, Jacobo travels the United States to promote Oaxacan folk art in general to educational institution as well as a speaker at art institutions. [5] The tradition grew considerably after British filmmaker Judith Bronowski's 1975 documentary on Linares. While the couple make some large and medium-sized pieces, they specialize in miniatures (around seven cm), such as dogs, cats, giraffes, rabbits and goats which will for around 30 pesos each. Colorfully painted, they were originally made with papier mache but nowadays they are also wood carved. As sales soared in the 1980s, the work began to be shared among family members. The Spirit Animals across all cultures share a common theme of embodying various animals, or animal-like creatures, that represent or help educate a human … [19] Some have begun copal plantations. He has also given workshops in Nuevo Laredo, Campeche, Cancun, Playa del Carmen, Chetumal, Querétero and other places. Jayacatlán is located next to the recently established biosphere reserve of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. [5][8] This inspired other alebrije artists, and Linares' work became prized both in Mexico and abroad. [18][26] This localized depletion soon gave rise to a copal wood market in Oaxaca, even though many of the copal trees in other parts are of a different subspecies, which has more knots. $148.50. [28], The carving of a piece, which is done while the wood is still wet, can last anywhere from hours to a month, depending on the size and fineness of the piece. This is how we know that the alebrijes in the film have a greater meaning than simple aesthetics. Some of these sales are individual pieces and others are multiple sets such as Frida Kalo surrounded by monkeys. This adaptation was pioneered by Arrazola native Manuel Jiménez. [16] Jimenez began carving wooden figures since he was a boy tending animals in the 1920s. Carvings became more complicated and paintings more ornate as families competed against each other. Today their major buyers are a wholesaler in California and a store owner in Texas. [22] Another of the best known is one of the few female entrepreneurs in the market, Olga Santiago. [22] Linares often told that in 1936, he fell very ill, and while he was in bed, unconscious, he dreamt of a strange place resembling a forest. History. In the 1930s, Linares fell very ill and while he was in bed, unconscious, Linares dreamt of a strange place resembling a forest. $8.47 shipping. [25] The most commercialized figures are those of dogs, armadillos, iguanas, giraffes, cats, elephants, zebras, deer, dolphins, sharks and fish. He heard a crowd of voices repeating the nonsense word "Alebrije" After he recovered, he began to re-create the creatures he'd seen, using papier-mâché and cardboard. La Union was less successful in attracting dealers and tourists. QUICK VIEW. [23] Every Friday on the main square is the "tianguis del alebrije" or weekly market selling wooden figures. [18][20] The carving of wood figures did not have a name,[18] so the name "alebrije" eventually became adopted for any carved, brightly colored figure of copal wood, whether it is of a real animal or not. They’re also painted with vibrant colors and feature detailed patterns. [22] There are exceptions to this. [8], While Pedro Linares dreamed of the creatures, they did not surface in a vacuum. Oaxacan woodcarvings, also known as alebrijes, seem to strike a universal chord with our shared human experience. One of the most important messages I believed was put into the film was Ernesto De La Cruz’ relation to his specific alebrije. The success of the craft, however, has led to the depletion of the native copal trees. There, he saw trees, animals, rocks, clouds that suddenly turned into something strange, some kind of animals, but, … Alebrijes are animals that escaped the nightmares of an artist and appear as a variety of different species – both real and fantastic and native to the Valley of Oaxaca in Mexico. [24] Larger pieces are generally made only by the better carving families. This brought him to the attention of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, who began commissioning more alebrijes. [4] No two alebrijes are exactly alike. Interview at Alebrijes workshop in Oaxaca.This piece is available at: http://www.mexicanfolkartdealers.com However, only the most established of carving families can have any permanent outside help and a number of these refuse to hire outsiders. [16] A number of attempts to grow the trees for woodcarving purpose have been undertaken. In stock on April 1, 2021. Like in many other carving families, he carves while she paints. It turns out that, despite his lack of intelligence and grace, Dante is Miguel’s spirit guide, and he takes a great part in leading him home. Copal trees are short and squat and do not yield much wood; every piece is used. [16], Of the three major carving towns, San Martin Tilcajete has experience the most success. Native to the Valley of Oaxaca in Mexico, alebrijes are animals that escaped the nightmares of an artist and appear as a variety of different species - both real and fanta… According to Wikipedia, an Alebrije is a brightly colored fantastical creature from Mexico, which enjoys increasing international popularity.. A short outline of the story: In the 1930s, Pedro Linares began producing monster-like paper-mâché figures in Mexico City, which he called “Alebrijes.” [31], Securing supplies of copal wood is a major concern for woodcarvers. Demand rises and falls; sometimes there is no work and sometimes families work 18 hours a day. Crianza familiar y selectiva. Legal or not, the purchase of copal wood from other parts of Oaxaca is putting unsustainable pressure on wild populations in a wider area, forcing copaleros to go further to obtain wood and often to deal with angry locals and police who alternately seek bribes and enforce the law. The desire of the foreign merchants for non-indigenous animals and the newly popular alebrijes affected the market. [26] The exceptions are Isidro Cruz of Tilcajete, who uses "zompantle" (Erythrina coralloides) and the Manuel Jimenez family, which carves in tropical cedar (Cedrela odorata) imported from Guatemala. By the 1960s and 1970s, these carvers had enough of a reputation to sell their work in the city of Oaxaca. Although, Coco’s success can be measured in box office sales, I believe the cultural impact it has had in the Latinx community means more than sales. ... Alebrije Band Set of 3 Distressed Oaxacan Statues Copal Wood Carved Unique. [22] The boom had a dramatic economic effect, shifting the economies of Arrazola and Tilcajete away from farming and towards carving. Santiago used to work with a brother and later with a nephew, but today he works mostly solo with his father to help. [34] By the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jimenez's work was being sold in the city of Oaxaca, which led them to being shown to folk art collectors such as Nelson Rockefeller. These are popular with those seeking non alebrije pieces such as saints, angels, devils, skeletons and motifs related to Day of the Dead. In his fever dreams, he was in a forest with rocks and clouds, many of which turned into wild, unnaturally colored creatures, frequently featuring wings, horns, tails, fierce teeth and bulging eyes. It occurs in the second half of December, during the Christmas season, with more than sixty artisans who make the figures. Throughout the film, he covertly guided Miguel to Héctor whenever the dog ran off and brought them together. That would include educating consumers and working with reputable stores. Despite this, pieces are still referred to as the work of one person, usually the male carver. Before this happened, he was already a cartonero artisan. However, these attempts were mo… [18][22] By 1990, woodcarving had begun to boom with most households in Arrazola and Tilcajete earning at least part of their income from the craft. It was also considered to be a male occupation. Copyright © 2021 Her Campus Media, LLC. $275.00. ... One of the most important messages I believed was put into the film was Ernesto De La Cruz’ relation to his specific alebrije. Fantastic creatures such as dragons and chimeras and others are also carved,[18] even carvings of Benito Juárez, Subcomandante Marcos, chupacabras (imaginary beings that eat goats), "Martians," mermaids, and helicopters. In the 1970s and early 1980s, carvers in the three villages sold pieces mostly to store owners in Oaxaca, with only one carver, Manuel Jimenez, carving full-time. [1] The creation of the first alebrijes, as well as the name itself, is attributed to Pedro Linares, who was an artisan from México City (Distrito Federal), who was specialized in making piñatas, carnival masks and “Judas” figures from papier-mâché, which he sold in markets such as the one in La Merced. Rooster Alebrije Oaxacan Wood Carving Mexican For Art. "En Calavera: The Papier-mâché art of the Linares family" by Susan N. Masuoka ISBN 0-930741-40-4 (casebound) / ISBN 0-930741-41-2 (softcover) UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History, The annual Monumental Alebrije Parade in Mexico City, Mexico's National Arts and Sciences Award, Bicentennial of the Independence of Mexico and the Centennial of the Mexican Revolution, "Taller de alebrijes Un emprendimiento Imparte Marcos Zenteno con "Capital Semilla, "History of Mexican Papier Mache Sculpture", "In memory of Don Pedro – Alebrije art from a master artist", "Van alebrijes tras imaginación de los belgas", "Carácter humano en los alebrijes de hoy", "Realizan Tercer Desfile de Alebrijes en México", "Concluye el Tercer Festival SHIN NAA LASN, "El arte del Pueblo", en San Martin Tilcajete", "San Martín Tilcajete y sus alebrijes (Oaxaca)", "Jacobo Angeles: A rich wood-carving tradition in Oaxaca, dating to pre-Hispanic times", "Craft is part of village life in Oaxacan region", "The phenomenon of migration in San Martín Tilcajete, Oaxaca. [25][26] Two thousand a year is substantially more than average in Oaxaca and allows families to build or expand housing and send children to secondary school. $550.00 USD. Her Campus may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. "Volador", by Taller de Plástica El Volador. [12] In addition to the annual parade, the Museum has sponsored alebrije shows such as the three-meter tall alebrije which captured attention at the Feria International del Libro in Bogotá. What is an alebrije? [18][30], Originally, woodcarving was a solitary activity with all aspects done by one person, usually a male. Oaxacan Wood Carving Jose Olivera Dog Tulips Oaxaca Mexican Folk Art Alebrije. She says that she has about thirty designs that she has developed for carvings, many of which are related to when she made embroidered dresses. [19] After the craft became popular in Arrazola, it spread to Tilcajete and from there to a number of other communities, and now the three main communities are, San Antonino Arrazola, San Martin Tilcajete and La Union Tejalapam, each of which has developed its own style. [16][22] Cruz's efforts stimulated new styles of carving, such as alebrijes, and their sale in the city of Oaxaca. The event allows visitors to purchase items from local craftsmen directly. His work was sold locally and eventually noticed by Tonatiúh Gutierrez, the director of expositions for the Mexican National Tourist Council, later a government agency in charge of promoting crafts. It’s fascinating to see their attention to detail be expressed in such creative ways. 5 out of 5 stars (18) 18 reviews $ 10.99 FREE shipping Only 2 left Favorite Add to Handcrafted Alebrije Dog Woodcarving from Oaxaca, Mexico LunAzuLGallery. Daniela is a sophomore studying sociology at the University of California, Riverside. He kept his carving techniques strictly within the family with only his sons and a son in law carving with him. While her workshop is not the only one run in this manner, hers is the newest and most successful. [19] Some of these new Oaxacan crafters have extended the design to smooth – abstract painted realistic animals, especially the Mendoza family (Luis Pablo, David Pablo and Moises Pablo a.k.a. [22], La Union Tejalapan has not had the same success as Arrazola and Tilcajete because they have not been able to attract as many dealers or tourists. Many of her carvers and painters are young men who leave quickly to form workshops of their own. In 1936, when he was 30 years old, Linares fell ill with a high fever, which caused him to hallucinate. However, he states that the aim is to celebrate and not to mock. [9] Various branches of the family occupy a row of houses on the same street. Along with "dragoncito" 150 other, smaller pieces of Mexican crafts were shown. Linares received Mexico's National Arts and Sciences Award in the Popular Arts and Traditions category in 1990, two years before he died. It is believed that our tona influences and shapes the very core of our personality as we naturally adopt and acquire the character of that specific animal we’ve been assigned at birth. Zapotec cosmology, what is my alebrije animal? Harvesting copalillo is not a complex task; trees are relatively small and the wood is soft. [8] For example, "Beasts and Bones: The Cartonería of the Linares Family" in Carlsbad, California, featured about seventy alebrijes and was so popular that it was extended by several weeks. Alebrijes originated in Mexico City in the 20th century, in 1936. 4.6 out of 5 stars 124. At the end of the parade, the pieces are lined up on Paseo de la Reforma for judging and displayed for two weeks. The papier-mâché-to-wood carving adaptation was pioneered by Arrazola native Manuel Jiménez. There are men who paint better than they carve and in the community of San Pedro Taviche, women collect and carve wood about as often as the men. [22], Today there are a number of others involved in the craft. [21][22] To make the distinction, the carvings of fantastic creatures, closer to Linares' alebrijes, are now sometimes called "marcianos" (lit. Dante is commonly dismissed as a stray but he isn’t unloved or lost, he is simply waiting for those around him to open their minds and learn to be accepting. The painting on these figures is also more intense and varied. Aguilino Garcia sells fairly expensive skunks, crocodiles, armadillos, and palm trees. Enjoy reading more > Save $25 off your first order, plus get notified when new animals come in from Oaxaca, Mexico. He has a reputation for working slowing but makes pieces that were selling for between 100 and 400 pesos in 1998. [1] The three towns most closely associated with alebrije production in Oaxaca have produced a number of notable artisans such as Manuel Jiménez, Jacobo Angeles, Martin Sandiego, Julia Fuentes, and Miguel Sandiego. To understand some of the essential details of the Mexican culture and celebrations, such as Dia De Los Muertos and the movie COCO, you need to learn a little bit about their Alebrijes.An Alebrije is The enthusiasm of Arrazola's woodcarvers stems more from having a supply of good wood than from notions of ecology. The Oaxacan artist rendered the visions in paper mâché, though his first attempts were too frightening for most, he then developed the extravagantly colored and more whimsical alebrije in the late 1930s that went on to become a folk art tradition. Dist By Alebrije Imports Inc. 4.6 out of 5 stars 34. She also uses nontraditional materials such as feathers, fantasy stones and modern resins, both for novelty and for durability. Prices abroad range from between three and five times the retail price in Oaxaca, with a median of US$100, with lowest usually around $10 and highest around $2,000. Fantastical creatures and animals are carved from the imagination of the artist. Despite this, the success of woodcarving caused an unsustainable drain on local wild copal, and nearly all of the trees near Tilcajete and Arrazola have disappeared. Dante has a weakness toward food, as it led Miguel to embarrassing situations in the film. Bichon Habanero líneas 100% Cubanas. Most other carvers used the craft to supplement incomes from farming and wage labor. The Fuentes family gained fame from Efrain's carving talents. Each family works in its own workshops in their own houses but they will lend each other a hand with big orders. [21], The alebrije market is divided into two levels, the production of unique, high-quality, labor-intensive pieces and the production of repetitive, average quality and inexpensive pieces. Get the best deals on Alebrije Folk Art when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. [18] However, for most households in Oaxaca, the success of alebrijes has not replaced the need to farm or to alleviated the need to send family members to Mexico City or to the United States and work and send remittances back home. Dante, Miguel’s dog, was the perfect choice to serve as the boy’s guide into the underworld. [3][9] Some, like master craftsman Christian David Mendez, claim that there is a certain mysticism involved in the making and owning of alebrijes, with parts of certain animals representing human characteristics. Artisans will pay more for their wood only if they are sure they can pass the added cost onto their customers. She is not afraid to stand her ground and do what needs to be done. [16] Tourists who buy pieces directly from carvers pay about twice what wholesalers do. This arrangement ended after a complex dispute. Miguel is energetic, optimistic, and loving just like Dante. According to an article on ReMezcal, the Pixar filmmakers working on Coco were inspired by a workshop in San Martin Tilcajete in Oaxaca run by Jacobo Angeles and María del Carmen Mendoza. See our collectible sculptures for sale, and learn about the artistry, craftsmanship and uniqueness that goes into each Mexican Alebrije. They also became a symbol of identity reflecting the country’s past and launched a positive movement encouraging pride in one’s heritage. By the late 1960s, he was giving exhibitions in museums in Mexico City and the United States and tourists began visiting his workshop in the 1970s. From shop Inkandmagickstudio. There is nothing about this animal’s teachings that are simple or superficial. Some communities have simply refused to sell their wood. [42], Linares Family website Xoloitzcuintli , a Mexican hairless dog breed, were … A qualitative and gender sensitive women- focused reading of some of the dimensions of vulnerability on site", "Bienvenidos a la Tierra del Alebrije/Welcome to the Land of the Alebrijes", "Segunda expo artesanal "Cuna de los Alebrijes", en Arrazola", "La creación de los alebrijes a la tampiqueña", "PASEO NOCTURNO DE ALEBRIJES ILUMINADOS, 29 DE NOVIEMBRE 2014", Museo de la Laca and the Santo Domingo monastery, Museo Universitario de Artes Populares María Teresa Pomar, Museo Regional de la Ceramica, Tlaquepaque, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alebrije&oldid=1012278804, Articles with dead external links from June 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Devils and skeletons are often parts of more festive scenes depicting them, for example, riding dogs and drinking. There are usually also vendors selling other local products such as ice cream as well. It loves to fight for its beliefs, always has a new idea in mind, and behaves like a hero. August 2020 Trendsetters Survey Giveaway Offical Rules, Raya Is Disney's Most Empowering Princess Yet, The TikTok Beauty Products That Are Actually Worth It, Here’s How You Can Win $300 Worth of Beauty Products from Garnier, 10 of the Best, Woman-Led Shows to Add to Your Women's History Month Watchlist, There’s a Big Issue Surrounding Those #PickMeGirl TikToks & We Need to Talk About It. Delfino Gutierrez specializes in free-form elephants, frogs, turtles, armadillos and more[35] which are sold in stores in Chicago, California, New York and Israel. [18] Most pieces sold internationally go to the United States, Canada, Europe and Japan, where the most expensive pieces end up in ethnic craft stores in urban areas, university towns and upscale resorts. [11], However, because a variety of artists and artisans have been creating alebrijes in their own styles, the craft has become part of Mexico's folk art repertoire. My heart has never been more full than seeing my cousin’s sing, dance, and see themselves in the film. In the 1950s and 1960s, Santiago worked in the United States for various periods working as an agricultural laborer in the Bracero Program. Sounds all good, but what is an Alebrije (pronounced ah-leh-bree-hehs) anyway? Typical household income of families from Arrazola and Tilcajete averages about US$2000 per year, but exceptional artists can earn up to $20,000 per year. FREE Shipping by Amazon. There are also offerings of local and regional cuisine. [8] Their customers have included the Rolling Stones , David Copperfield and filmmaker Guillermo del Toro. The law applied to the commercialization of the crafts as well as to their public exhibition and the use of their images. Admirers are often struck by Catarino's ability to capture a sense of movement in his subject and translate it to wood, giving his figures a playfulness that few carvers are able to achieve. [19][30] As the figure dries, it is also susceptible to cracking. His work caught the attention of artists Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo because they used to purchase Judas figures from Pedro Linares. Alebrijes originated in Mexico City in the 20th century, in 1936. [24], Today, the carving of alebrijes is the economic base of Tilcajete. These colorings were also used for dying clothing, ceremonial paints and other uses. There, he saw trees, animals, rocks, clouds that suddenly turned into something strange,some kind of animals, but, … The later carvers didn't learn the technique of making each piece fit so well that it could be removed and put back in again and again. This version of the craft has since spread to a number of other towns, most notably San Martín Tilcajete and La Unión Tejalapan, and has become a major source of income for the area, especially for Tilcajete. Similarities and parallels can be drawn between alebrijes and various supernatural creatures from Mexico's indigenous and European past. [28] The difference between this program and others is that this works within the broader ethnobotanical context by promoting the management of the species within its native habitat. Take this … De La Cruz is surrounded by small Chihuahuas, a dog known for being more bark than bite. The Stones gave the family tickets to their show. One of the best known is Miguel Santiago, who sells about forty pieces a year. 4.6 out of 5 stars 126. [3] Her work differs from that of the Linares in that many of her designs include human contours and many with expressions more tender than terrifying. The benefit to Jayacatlán is to give the municipality a way to exploit its copal supplies and preserve its biodiversity at the same time. The first alebrijes, as well as the name itself, are attributed to Pedro Linares, an artisan from México City (Distrito Federal), who specialized in making piñatas, carnival masks and "Judas" figures from cartonería, an ancient and widespread papercraft often confused with papier-mâché. Spirit Animal. [16][18][19] Copal is a native tree species to the area, so it grows readily without much care. In pre-Hispanic art, the brightly colored images were often fantastic and macabre. Outside of school, she can be found at the Student Association of Latino-Spanish Affairs planning out events and recruiting members. [22] The craft continued to become established in the 1990s as more families carved and more tourists came to Oaxaca with the building of new roads. The carvings are one-of-a-kind, carved by hand and signed by the artists. [16], Another effort involves a program designed to manage wild copal supplies in a municipality called San Juan Bautista Jayacatlán. [19] Prior to the 1980s, most of the woodcarvings were natural and spiritual world of the communities, featuring farm animals, farmers, angels and the like. [22], Outside of Mexico City and Oaxaca, alebrijes are known and made but mostly as a hobby rather than as a significant source of work. [14], A more recent phenomenon, the annual Monumental Alebrije Parade, has been sponsored by the Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City since 2007. Alebrije History as a recent Mexican folk art tradition. [17], Pedro Linares was originally from México City (Distrito Federal). [20] As more dealers shipping to other parts of Mexico and abroad visited the rural villages, more exotic animals such as lions, elephants and the like were added, and eventually came to dominate the trade. [16] These pieces, now referred to as "rustic" (nistico), were carved and painted in a simple manner. More than 100 vendors attend, selling alebrijes, textiles, local dishes, artwork and locally made alcoholic beverages. [26] Eventually, this led to about only six copaleros which control most of the wood being sold, and these supplies' being unreliable. [19] Since 1985, most carvers have now switched to acrylics which resist fading and withstand repeated cleanings better. [16] Today, Jimenez's works fetch a minimum of US$100. Families may hire other relatives or strangers if faced with a large order. [22], Many carvers and carving communities engage in specialties in order to have niches in the more competitive alebrije market in Oaxaca. $250.00 USD. Instead of cartonería, these alebrijes are made on movable metal frames, with LED lights and with cloth and/or plastic skin. DISNEY PIXAR COCO DOG/PERRO/CHIEN/ALEBRIJE. The meaning of the rabbit resonates with personal transformation. Another rustic aspect to La Union pieces is that legs can be nailed onto the torsos.
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