Two major commercial banks are UniBank and the state-owned International Bank of Azerbaijan, run by Abbas Ibrahimov. [197], Two-thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas. [161], The short-lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries, sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland. His major works include The Divan of Ghazals and The Qasidas. Michel de Montaigne, D.U.T. In the lowlands the animal life includes gazelles, jackals, and hyenas as well as reptile and rodent species. Also, taxpayers can now file forms and pay their taxes online. [356] The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public. Les Arméniens assurent ainsi que plus de 3 000 soldats azerbaïdjanais ont péri depuis la reprise des hostilités le 27 septembre, Bakou disant avoir tué 2 300 militaires arméniens. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. [34][35] The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant Zoroastrianism. [11][82][83][84][85][86] About a decade later, in violation of the Gulistan treaty, the Russians invaded Iran's Erivan Khanate. Connect with friends, family and other people you know. European observers found numerous irregularities in the run-up to the election and on election day. As a result of its broken relief, drainage patterns, climatic differences, and sharply defined altitudinal zoning of vegetation, Azerbaijan is characterized by a wide variety of landscapes. It lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and longitudes 44° and 51° E. The total length of Azerbaijan's land borders is 2,648 km (1,645 mi), of which 1,007 kilometers are with Armenia, 756 kilometers with Iran, 480 kilometers with Georgia, 390 kilometers with Russia and 15 kilometers with Turkey. [209], Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region. [289][290] In Persian ghazals he used his pen-name, while his Turkic ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu.[289]. The Shirvanshahs returned, maintaining for numerous centuries to come a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals as they had done since 861. [176] The armed forces have three branches: the Land Forces, the Air Forces and the Navy. Schulze, Reinhard. Heavy fighting has erupted in the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. In December 2000, the former President of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan. Le 2 avril est la journée mondiale de sensibilisation à lautisme. Il s’agit de la seconde des trois rétrocessions auxquelles l’Arménie doit procéder après le cessez-le-feu ayant mis fin à six semaines de combats meurtriers dans cette région disputée. Azerbaijan Women's Volleyball Super League is one of strongest women leagues in world. [164] Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its "special relationship" with Turkey.[165][166]. However, forests are vulnerable, and sustainable forest management is a prerequisite to their continued existence. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, little monumental architecture was created, but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere. In 2016, Azerbaijan had 0.8 global hectares[206] of biocapacity per person within its territory, half the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. [197][198][199][200] As a result of implementing a record number of reforms mainly involving institutional changes among the 10 top improvers, to do business in Azerbaijan became easier, such as time and cost to get construction permit reduced significantly (time by 80 days and cost by 12.563 AZN), process of connecting electricity grid rationalized, as well as getting credit simplified. [citation needed], The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president, and he organizes it according to the Constitution. The previously independent Republic of Aras would also become the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars. It is one of the founding members of GUAM, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)[21] and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. [153], Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats in order to promote its causes abroad and legitimize its elections at home, a practice which has been termed as Caviar diplomacy. [61][62], The local dynasty of the Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Timur's Empire, and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh. The latter is derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in the ancient Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism. [210] In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m³. At the beginning of the 11th century, the territory was gradually seized by the waves of Oghuz Turks from Central Asia, who adopted a Turkoman ethnonym at the time. Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products. [331], Christianity is officially recognized, but in practice it is often oppressed. [310] Azerbaijanis often use traditional armudu (pear-shaped) glass as they have very strong tea culture. Over the span of millennia, the name evolved to Āturpātākān (Middle Persian), then to Ādharbādhagān, Ādharbāyagān, Āzarbāydjān (New Persian) and present-day Azerbaijan. [271] Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change. After incorporation of all Caucasian territories from Iran into Russia, the new border between the two was set at the Aras River, which, upon the Soviet Union's disintegration, subsequently became part of the border between Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic. [245] In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian, Kurdish (Dengi Kurd), Lezgian (Samur) and Talysh languages. [284][285] They have qualified for every Grand Final up until the 2018 edition of the contest, entering with X My Heart by singer Aisel. La guerre entre l'Azerbaidjan et l'Arménie reprend dans le Nagorny Karabakh [2016 04 03] [201] In September 1994, a 30-year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and 13 oil companies, among them Amoco, BP, ExxonMobil, Lukoil and Equinor. Operation Edelweiss carried out by the German Wehrmacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy (petroleum) dynamo of the USSR. excerpt: The Book of Dede Korkut is an early record of oral Turkic folktales in Anatolia, and as such, one of the mythic charters of Turkish nationalist ideology. Other Azerbaijani athletes are Namig Abdullayev, Toghrul Asgarov, Rovshan Bayramov, Sharif Sharifov, Mariya Stadnik and Farid Mansurov in wrestling, Nazim Huseynov, Elnur Mammadli, Elkhan Mammadov and Rustam Orujov in judo, Rafael Aghayev in karate, Magomedrasul Majidov and Aghasi Mammadov in boxing, Nizami Pashayev in Olympic weightlifting, Azad Asgarov in pankration, Eduard Mammadov in kickboxing, and K-1 fighter Zabit Samedov. [123] The Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement and the end of the six-week war between Azerbaijan and Armenia was seen as a victory and was widely celebrated in Azerbaijan.[124]. [335][336], During the last few years,[when?] "[113] Many Russians and Armenians left and fled Azerbaijan as refugees during the 1990s. [127] All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country. Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its Peacekeeping Forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan. The Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline (TANAP) and Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) will deliver natural gas from Azerbaijan's Shah Deniz gas to Turkey and Europe. National protection of the environment accelerated after 2001 when the state budget increased due to new revenues provided by the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. [135], The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers. [50], In the first half of the 7th century, Caucasian Albania, as a vassal of the Sasanians, came under nominal Muslim rule due to the Muslim conquest of Persia. [172][173] When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law on the Armed Forces of 9 October 1991. Advanced Research and Assessment Group. [108] The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units, while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. Some had abandoned their nomadic way of life altogether. [327], In 1991, after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union, the first Baku International Film Festival East-West was held in Baku. Arabian historian and traveler Ahmed Al-Belaruri discussed the economy of the Absheron peninsula in antiquity, mentioning its oil in particular. The result is the Azerbaijani Laundromat — so called because the vast sums that passed through it were laundered through a series of shell companies to disguise their origin. [52], The pre-Turkic population that lived on the territory of modern Azerbaijan spoke several Indo-European and Caucasian languages, among them Armenian[53][54][55][56][57] and an Iranian language, Old Azeri, which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language, the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today. Azerbaijan started operating a one-stop shop in January 2008 that halved the time, cost and number of procedures to start a business. Forests are considered one of the most valuable natural resources in Azerbaijan because they fulfill important functions such as: soil protection, water catchment and storage, climate buffering and habitat for biodiversity. Author of. The slopes of the mountains are covered with beech, oak, and pine forests. The southeastern part of Azerbaijan is bordered by the Talish (Talysh) Mountains, consisting of three longitudinal ranges, with Mount Kyumyurkyoy as the highest peak (8,176 feet), and the Länkäran Lowland, along the Caspian coast. Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration. [275] Among national musical instruments there are 14 string instruments, eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments. Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the Chokha and Papakhi. [346][347] In 2014, Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of UEFA Europa League. [254] Around 97% of the population are Muslims. At the same time, it lies within a region characterized by a high degree of seismic activity. "[288], The earliest known figure in Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoglu, who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Turkic ghazals. Cet article contient une liste non exhaustive des bases militaires des forces armées des États-Unis implantées sur leur territoire métropolitain, ainsi quen Alaska et à Hawaii. After the death of Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747), many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability. This registration is often denied. [101] Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front. Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes. [147][148] In recent years, large numbers of Azerbaijani journalists, bloggers, lawyers, and human rights activists have been rounded up and jailed for their criticism of President Aliyev and government authorities. In the course of the next century, the Safavids converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam,[63][64][65] as they did with the population in what is modern-day Iran. The elections are held every five years, on the first Sunday of November. [178], The defense budget of Azerbaijan for 2011 was set at US$3.1 billion. In the same century, Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of Ashik (Azerbaijani: Aşıq) poetic genre of bards. Azerbaijan led the world as the top reformer in 2007/08, with improvements on seven out of 10 indicators of regulatory reform. [105] As a consequence of the failed coup which occurred in August in Moscow, on 18 October 1991, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December 1991, while the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991. [133] Both the absolute minimum temperature ( −33 °C or −27.4 °F ) and the absolute maximum temperature ( 46 °C or 114.8 °F ) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad – regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The State Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic, The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 census. [195] By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan had increased 20-fold from its 1995 level. [306][307], Azerbaijan has been since ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts. Major projects such as Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center, Flame Towers, Baku Crystal Hall, Baku White City and SOCAR Tower have transformed the country's skyline and promotes its contemporary identity. "Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights, "Milli Məclisin tarixi. 3 (Aug. 1992), 395–417. [11][95][96] Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men. Barnacle Bill, chanson, À bicyclette, Aviateur, Robert M. Hanson, Amra, Aérodrome de Borj El Amri, Samrāta, Aston Martin AMR1, Nordin Amrabat Almohade Art andalou Andalousie Art ayyoubide Ayyoubides Art fatimide Fatimide Art de l Iran autonome avant les Seljoukides Ghaznavide Art mamelouk de l Iran autonome avant les Seljoukides Musique iranienne Mouvements intellectuels en Iran Radio et Télévision Nationales iraniennes Hymne de l Iran soutenu leur travail. In addition to its variegated and often beautiful terrain, Azerbaijan offers a blend of traditions and modern development. [219] These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan. [122] On 27 September 2020, new clashes in the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resumed along the Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact. A well-developed network of canals between the Kura and Aras rivers makes it possible to irrigate a major part of the lowland. Since 1845, it was also taught in the University of Saint Petersburg in Russia. émirati Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : Politique aux Émirats arabes unis sur Wikimedia Commons Portail des Émirats arabes unis Portail de la politique écono Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education (banned during the Soviet period) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content. "Azərbaycanda əhali sayı da artıb, boşanmalar da… – Rəsmi STATİSTİKA", "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "Facing Military Debacle, Armenia Accepts a Deal in Nagorno-Karabakh War", "Azerbaijan: Membership of international groupings/organisations", "Human Development Index and its components", "Interactive Infographic of the World's Best Countries", "Literacy rate among schoolchildren in Azerbaijan is 100% – UN report", "Azerbaijan: Early History: Iranian and Greek Influences", "National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan", "Fragile Frontiers: The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran", "Azerbaijan-Iran Relations: Challenges and Prospects", "Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. The other nominal tier of governance is municipalities (Bələdiyə) and members of municipalities are elected by a general vote in Municipal elections every five years. [181], Azerbaijan's defense budget for 2013 is $3.7 billion. As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest. Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership, accused of serial human rights abuses, systemic corruption and rigging elections, made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014. The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe,[203] is to reduce European Union's dependency on Russian gas.[204]. [359] Over the last years, clubs like Rabita Baku and Azerrail Baku achieved great success at European cups. The Caspian fishing industry concentrates on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga. [348] Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan. Information-Communication, Option Gestion de l’Information … This led to the launch of a new currency, the new Azerbaijani manat, on 1 January 2006, to cement the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. 24, No. [78] In 1804, the Russians invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja, sparking the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813. [303] Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. The Upper Karabakh Canal, 107 miles (172 kilometres) long, provides a vital link between the Aras River and the Mingäçevir Reservoir on the Kura River. [175] Azerbaijan is an active member of NATO's Partnership for Peace program. [174] The original date of the establishment of the short-lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day (26 June) in today's Azerbaijan. The most successful Azerbaijani football clubs are Neftchi Baku, Qarabağ, and Gabala. [264][265][266][267] Azerbaijan also is home to members of the Baháʼí, Hare Krishna and Jehovah's Witnesses communities, as well as adherents of the other religious communities. Hypsometric marks within the Caucasus region vary from about −28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466 meters (Bazardüzü peak). [81], The area to the north of the river Aras, amongst which territory lies the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, was Iranian territory until it was occupied by Russia in the 19th century. Backgammon also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture. The result is the Azerbaijani Laundromat — so called because the vast sums that passed through it were laundered through a series of shell companies to disguise their origin. Nord : 48 15 N Wikimedia Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [115], In 1993, democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov, which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, was the first secular democratic republic in the Turkic and Muslim worlds. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Artificial rivers (canals) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan's water systems. [190] Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so-called "Dutch disease" because of its fast-growing energy sector, which causes inflation and makes non-energy exports more expensive. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain, on 6 November 1996. [15][16][17][18] La république des Montagnards était formée des actuelles républiques russes de Tchétchénie, dIngouchie, dOssétie du Nord et du Daghestan. [260] Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans, Baptists and Molokans. Conflit entre l'Arménie et l'Azerbaïdjan : Au cœur de la guerre dans le Haut-Karabakh. [152] On 16 March 2017 another pardon decree was signed, which led to the release of additional persons regarded as political prisoners. In June 2012, the President approved the new Regulation, which granted additional powers to Local Executive Authorities, strengthening their dominant position in Azerbaijan's local affairs[145] Chapter 9 of the Constitution of the Azerbaijan Republic addresses major issues of local self-government, such as the legal status of municipalities, types of local self-government bodies, their basic powers and relationships to other official entities.
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